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A Mpumalanga pine and eucalyptus plantation on rolling hills, a forester from behind measuring a trunk with a diameter tape (illustration)

Tree Protection Co-operative Programme

Forest Threats

Bacterial diseases3 threats
Dieback caused by Erwinia psidii

Erwinia wilt and dieback

Erwinia psidii

Bacterial blight cause by Pantoea ananatis

Pantoea blight and dieback

Pantoea ananatis , Xanthomonas axonopodis , Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum , Xanthomonas dyei pv. eucalypti

Bacterial exudate of Ralstonia solanacearum

Ralstonia bacterial wilt

Ralstonia solanacearum and Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum

Fungal diseases19 threats
Eucalyptus scab and shoot malformation (ESSM)

Eucalyptus scab and shoot malformation (ESSM)

Elsinoe necatrix N.Q. Pham, Marinc. & M.J. Wingf. and Elsinoe masingae Jol. Roux, N.Q. Pham, Marinc. & M.J. Wingf.

Dothistroma needle blight

Dothistroma needle blight

Dothistroma septosporum

Teratosphaeria leaf Blight

Teratosphaeria leaf Blight

Teratosphearia epicoccoides

Pine fire fungus, Doughnut fungus / Rhizina undulata

Pine fire fungus, Doughnut fungus / Rhizina undulata

Rhizina undulata Fr.

Calonectria symptoms on Eucalyptus leaves

Calonectria leaf blight (CLB)

Calonectria De Not.

Young Eucalyptus fastigata dying due to infection at base and root by P. cinnamomi

Phytophthora root and collar rot, black butt, gummosis

Phytophthora spp.

Basal canker on Eucalyptus due to Chr. austroafricana

Chrysoporthe canker

Chrysoporthe austroafricana Gryzenh. & M. J. Wingf.

The rust Uromycladium acaciae on Acacia mearnsii

Wattle rust

Uromycladium acaciae (Cooke) P. Syd. & Syd

Lophodermium sp. on P . contorta var. latifolia

Lophodermium needle cast

Lophodermium seditiosum Minter, Staley & Millar (previously erroneously attributed to Lophodermium pinastri Schrad. ex Fr. Chev. (Minter et al. 1978)).

Seedling wilting

Pine pitch canker and Fusarium wilt

Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg & O’Donnell

Extensive damage caused by A. psidii on Syzygium jambos

Myrtle Rust

Austropuccinia psidii (G. Winter) Beenken

Internal discolouration on branch

Diplodia shoot blight, Sphaeropsis die-back

Diplodia sapinea and Diplodia scrobiculata

Leaf blotch on E. nitens caused by T. nubilosa

Teratosphearia Leaf Blight / Teratosphearia nubilosa

Teratosphaeria nubilosa (Cooke) Crous & U. Braun

Ceratocystis wilt and dieback on Eucalyptus in KwaZulu-Natal

Ceratocystis wilt

Ceratocystis albifundus Wingfield, De Beer and Morris; and Ceratocystis eucalypticola M. van Wyk & M.J. Wingfield

Quambalaria leaf and shoot blight

Quambalaria leaf and shoot blight

Quambalaria eucalypti

Lesions on Eucalyptus bark, caused by T. zuluensis

Teratosphaeria stem canker (previously Coniothyrium)

Teratosphaeria gauchensis (M.-N. Cortinas, Crous & M.J. Wingf.) M.J. Wingf. & Crous and Teratosphaeria zuluensis (M.J. Wingf., Crous & T.A. Cout.) M.J. Wingf. & Crous

Botryosphaeria canker and die-back

Botryosphaeria canker and die-back

Botryosphaeria dothidea (Mout. ex FR.) Ces. & De Not., Neofusicoccum sp.

Leaf infected by T. destructans

Teratosphearia Leaf Blight / Teratosphaeria destructans

Teratosphaeria destructans (M.J. Wingf & Crous) M.J Wingf. & Crous

Armillaria fuscipes mushrooms

Armillaria root rot

Armillaria fuscipes Petch

Insect pests28 threats
Blue gum psyllid/ Ctenarytaina eucalypti

Blue gum psyllid/ Ctenarytaina eucalypti

Ctenarytaina eucalypti Maskell

Eucalyptus shoot psyllid/ Blastopsylla occidentalis

Eucalyptus shoot psyllid/ Blastopsylla occidentalis

Blastopsylla occidentalis

Cotton-melon aphid/ Aphis gossypii

Cotton-melon aphid/ Aphis gossypii

Aphis gossypii Glover 1887

Essigella californica

Monterey pine aphid/ Essigella californica

Essigella californica (Essig)

Winged Cinara pinivora adult

Giant conifer aphid/ Cinara pinivora

Cinara pinivora Wilson 1919

Jewel Beetle/ Agrilus grandis

Jewel Beetle/ Agrilus grandis

Agrilus grandis

Lateral view of Hylastes angustatus adult (scale = 1mm)

Pine bark beetle/ Hylastes angustatus

Hylastes angustatus (Herbst, 1793)

Melanterius seed weevil/ Melanterius inconspicuus

Melanterius seed weevil/ Melanterius inconspicuus

Melanterius inconspicuus Lea, 1899

Wattle Bagworm / Kotochalia junodi

Wattle Bagworm / Kotochalia junodi

Kotochalia junodi

Wattle mirid

Wattle Mirid / Lygidolon laevigatum

Lygidolon laevigatum

Phoracantha semipunctata

Eucalyptus long horn beetles \ Phoracantha spp.

Phoracantha recurva (Newman) and Phoracantha semipunctata (Fabricius)

Lateral view of Hylurgus ligniperda female

Red-haired pine bark beetle / Hylurgus ligniperda

Hylurgus ligniperda (Fabricius, 1787) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Orthotomicus erosus lateral view

Mediterranean Pine Beetle / Orthotomicus erosus

Orthotomicus erosus (Wollaston, 1857)

Pine Wooly Aphid / Pineus pini

Pine Wooly Aphid / Pineus pini

Pineus pini (Macquart)

Green Pine Aphid / Eulachnus rileyi

Green Pine Aphid / Eulachnus rileyi

Eulachnus rileyi (Williams)

Black Pine Aphid / Cinara cronartii

Black Pine Aphid / Cinara cronartii

Cinara cronartii (Tissot & Pepper)

Fig 3

Sirex Woodwasp / Sirex noctilio

Sirex noctilio

Pine brown tail moth / Euproctis terminalis

Pine brown tail moth / Euproctis terminalis

Euproctis terminalis (Walker 1855)

Pine emperor moth

Pine emperor moth

Nudaurelia clarki and Nudaurelia cytherea

Eucalyptus snout beetle / Gonipterus sp.n.2

Eucalyptus snout beetle / Gonipterus sp.n.2

Gonipterus sp.n.2

Blue gum chalcid / Leptocybe invasa

Blue gum chalcid / Leptocybe invasa

Leptocybe invasa

Eucalyptus gall wasp / Ophelimus maskelli

Eucalyptus gall wasp / Ophelimus maskelli

Ophelimus maskelli

Pine Weevil / Pissodes sp.

Pine Weevil / Pissodes sp.

Pissodes sp.

Shell lerp psyllid / Spondyliaspis cf. plicatuloides

Shell lerp psyllid / Spondyliaspis cf. plicatuloides

Spondyliaspis cf. plicatuloides

Red gum lerp psyllid / Glycaspis brimblecombei

Red gum lerp psyllid / Glycaspis brimblecombei

Glycaspis brimblecombei

Bronze bug, Winter bronze bug / Thaumastocoris peregrinus

Bronze bug, Winter bronze bug / Thaumastocoris peregrinus

Thaumastocoris peregrinus

Eucalyptus cossid moth / Coryphodema trisitis

Eucalyptus cossid moth / Coryphodema trisitis

Coryphodema trisitis

Image Title

Polyphagous Shothole Borer / Euwallacea fornicatus

Euwallacea fornicatus